Neumonía lipoidea exógena aguda por aspiración accidental de hidrocarburos / Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia for accidental aspiration of hydrocarbons

La neumonía lipoidea es una enfermedad respiratoria poco conocida que resulta de la acumulación de lípidos de origen endógeno o exógeno a nivel del alveolo pulmonar. Suele ser subdiagnosticada ya que la presentación clínica es inespecífica, por lo que suele confundirse con otras patologías broncopulmonares. Se presentó el caso de un paciente de 18 años antecedentes de aspiración accidental de combustible que seis horas después comenzó con fiebre, hemoptisis, tos y disnea. Se realizó radiografía de tórax donde se observó una neumonía en base derecha que unido al interrogatorio y a la realización de la broncoscopía confirmaron el diagnóstico de neumonía lipoidea. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente con el tratamiento(AU)

Lipoid pneumonia is a little known respiratory disease that results from the accumulation of lipids of endogenous or exogenous origin in the pulmonary alveolus. It is usually underdiagnosed since the clinical presentation is nonspecific, which is why it is often confused with other bronchopulmonary pathologies. We report the case of an 18-year-old patient with a history of accidental fuel aspiration, who ran fever six hours later, together with hemoptysis, cough, and dyspnea. Chest X-rays showed a right base pneumonia. The questioning and the performance of the bronchoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia. The patient evolved favorably with the treatment(AU)

Morbimortalidad asociada a la disfagia en pacientes ingresados en un hospital general universitario

RESUMEN Introducción: La disfagia tiene una morbimortalidad importante en pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivos: principal; describir las características de los pacientes con disfagia hospitalizados y, secundarios; cuantificar y analizar la prevalencia de mortalidad y de reingresos. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo de las hospitalizaciones por disfagia durante el año 2015 en un Hospital General Universitario. Resultados: Se evaluaron 431 historias clínicas. La edad de los pacientes fue de 83,21 (DE 11,4) años, el 52,5% fueron mujeres y el 47,2% varones; la estancia media fue de 11,1 (DE 7,99) días. En el 71,2 % de los casos la disfagia fue por afectación de la fase orofaríngea. En el 80,51% de los casos se diagnosticaron complicaciones respiratorias: 48,12% neumonía aspirativa por líquidos, 40,05 % neumonitis química por aspiración y 11,81% neumonía aspirativa por sólidos. La mortalidad general asociada a las complicaciones respiratorias respecto del total de los casos de disfagia fue del 24,49%. El 50,48% de los pacientes con neumonía aspirativa fallecieron. La principal causa de la disfagia fue las enfermedades neurológicas (un 77,25%). La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres - 42,3% frente al 7,8% - (p < 0,01) y esta diferencia se mantuvo tras ajustar el resultado por edad: OR 9,937, IC95%: 5,446; 18,131. El 13,10% de los pacientes reingresaron al menos en una ocasión. Los pacientes de geriatría presentaron un mayor número de reingresos por número de ingresos. Discusión: las enfermedades neurológicas fueron la principal causa de disfagia. La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dysphagia is an important associated morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patient. Objectives: Main; to describe the characteristics of patients admitted for dysphagia and secondary; quantify and analyze the prevalence of mortality and readmissions. Methodology: Cross-sectional study descriptive revenues by dysphagia during the year 2015 in a University General Hospital. Results: 431 records were evaluated. The age of the patients was 83,21 (11.4), 52.5% women and 47.2% male; the average stay was 11.1 (7.99) days. In 71,2% of cases the dysphagia was involvement of the oropharyngeal phase. 80.51% of cases were diagnosed respiratory complications. The percentage distribution of these complications were: in 48.12% aspiration pneumonia due to fluids, in 40.05% chemical aspiration pneumonitis and in 11.81% aspiration pneumonia due to solids. The overall mortality associated with respiratory complications compared to the total of cases of dysphagia was 24.49%. 50.48% of patients diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia died. The main cause of dysphagia was neurological diseases (77.25%). Mortality was significantly higher in women - 42.3% of women compared with 7.8% of males - (p < 0.01) and this difference remained after adjusting the result by age: OR 9,937, 95% CI: 5,446; 18,131. 13.10% of patients re-entered at least on one occasion. Patients of geriatric unit that presented in greater number of readmissions by admissions. Discussion: neurological diseases were the main cause of dysphagia. Mortality was significantly higher in women

Alterações no perfil da microbiota bucal durante permanência na UTI: colonização por patógenos respiratórios potenciais / Changes in the oral microbiota profile during ICU stay: colonization by potential respiratory pathogens / Alteraciones en el perfil de la microbiota bucal durante permanencia en la UTI: colonización por patógenos respiratorios potenciales

Introdução: Pacientes hospitalizados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) geralmente mostram má higiene bucal, o que contribui significativamente para o agravamento da contaminação local, com a presença de patógenos respiratórios potenciais. Objetivo: Caracterizar qualitativamente o perfil da microbiota bucal durante permanência na UTI, além da identificação de alterações bucais e salivares. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em pacientes internados na UTI de um hospital oncológico, os quais foram avaliados clínica e microbiologicamente após 24 (T1), 72 (T2) e 120 (T3) horas consecutivas à admissão na UTI. Foram identificados os principais patógenos em cada momento e o perfil da microbiota oral foi comparado. Resultados: A amostra final foi de 30 pacientes, 23 homens e 7 mulheres, com idade média de 61 anos. Em T1, 96,67% dos pacientes apresentaram crescimento de microorganismos patogênicos, sendo identificados 14 tipos diferentes. Em T2 18 tipos de patógenos diferentes e em T3, 21 tipos, dos quais os mais prevalentes nas três coletas foram Staphylococcus não produtor de coagulase e Candida albicans. Clinicamente foram observados presença e progressão do biofilme visível (61%), cálculo (36,89%), condição periodontal deficiente (33,11%). Em relação à condição salivar verificou-se saburra lingual (92,11%), ressecamento labial (86,67%), hipossalivação (36,67%), assialia (52%) e escoamento salivar (8,89%). Conclusão: O biofilme do dorso de língua de pacientes em UTI pode representar um nicho considerável de patógenos respiratórios potenciais, uma vez que microorganismos etiológicos relacionados à pneumonia nosocomial foram isolados já no primeiro dia de internação, com a colonização subsequente por uma variedade de microorganismos predominantemente gram-negativos(AU)

Introduction: Hospitalized patients receiving treatment at Intensive Care Units (ICU) usually show poor oral hygiene, and may have the mouth and oropharingeal region colonized by pathogens involved in nosocomial pneumonia. The presence of these pathogens may increase the risk for respiratory diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to qualitatively characterize the oral microbiota profile of critical patients during ICU stay, besides the identification of oral and salivary alterations. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on patients admitted to the ICU from a cancer hospital, who were evaluated clinically and microbiologically (tongue-to-mouth swabs) after 24h (T1), 72h (T2) and within 120 consecutive hours (T3) after ICU admission to the ICU. The main pathogens were identified at each moment and the oral microbiota profile was compared. In addition, the major oral and salivary changes were identified. Results: The final sample consisted of 30 patients, 23 men and 7 women, with a mean age of 61 years. The reasons for hospitalization were 30% postoperative of oncological surgeries and 70% of medical emergencies. In T1, 96.67% of the patients presented growth of pathogenic microorganisms, being identified 14 different types. In T2, 18 different pathogen types were identified, and in T3, 21 pathogens, of which the most prevalent Coagulase negative staphylococcus and Candida albicans were the most prevalent in the three collections. It was observed the presence and progression of visible biofilm (61%), calculus (36.89%), poor periodontal condition (33.11%), partial teeth presence (26.67%), total edentulism (23.33%), cavities (10%), presence of residual root (20%). In relation to the salivary condition, there was accumulation of lingual (92.11%), labial dryness (86.67%), hyposalivation (36.67%), asialia (52%) and salivary flow (8.89%). Conclusion: The tongue dorsum biofilm of ICU patients may represent a considerable niche of potential respiratory pathogens, since etiological microorganisms related to nosocomial pneumonia were isolated on the first day of hospitalization, with subsequent colonization by a variety of microorganisms predominantly gram-negatives. The introduction of professional care directed to oral health and biofilm control in this group of patients could represent a significant contribution to the reduction of diseases to the health of the patient in the ICU(AU)

Introducción: Pacientes hospitalizados en UTI generalmente muestran mala higiene bucal, lo que contribuye significativamente al agravamiento de la contaminación local, con la presencia de patógenos respiratorios potenciales. Objetivo: Caracterizar cualitativamente el perfil de la microbiota bucal durante permanencia en la UTI, además de la identificación de alteraciones bucales y salivares. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes internados en la UTI de un hospital oncológico, los cuales fueron evaluados clínica y microbiológicamente después de 24 (T1), 72 (T2) y 120 (T3) horas consecutivas a la admisión en la UTI. Se identificaron los principales patógenos en cada momento y el perfil de la microbiota oral fue comparado. Resultados: La muestra final fue de 30 pacientes, 23 hombres y 7 mujeres, con edad media de 61 años. En T1, el 96,67% de los pacientes presentaron crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos, siendo identificados 14 tipos diferentes. En T2 18 tipos de patógenos diferentes y en T3, 21 tipos, de los cuales los más prevalentes en las tres colectas fueron Staphylococcus no productor de coagulasa y Candida albicans. Se observó la presencia y progresión del biofilme visible (61%), cálculo (36,89%), condición periodontal deficiente (33,11%). En cuanto a la condición salivar se verificó saburra lingual (92,11%), resecamiento labial (86,67%), hiposalivación (36,67%), asialia (52%) y flujo salivar (8,89%). Conclusión: El biofilm del dorso de lengua de pacientes en UTI puede representar un nicho considerable de patógenos respiratorios potenciales, ya que microorganismos etiológicos relacionados a la neumonía nosocomial se aislaron ya en el primer día de internación, con la colonización subsecuente por una variedad de microorganismos predominantemente gram-negativa(AU)

Tratamiento endoscópico de una hendidura laríngea posterior: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Endoscopic treatment of a laryngeal cleft: case report and literature review

RESUMEN Las hendiduras laríngeas posteriores son anomalías congénitas de la laringe de baja incidencia que comprometen la región interaritenoidea o la lámina cricoidea. En caso de extenderse hasta la tráquea son denominados clefts laringo-tráqueo-esofágicos. Su clínica es inespecífica y debe sospecharse en todo niño con trastorno de deglución y neumonía aspirativa a repetición. A continuación, presentamos un caso de un cleft laríngeo tipo 2 tratado endoscópicamente.

ABSTRACT The posterior laryngeal clefts are congenital anomalies of the larynx of low incidence that comprise the interaritenoid region or the cricoid lamina. In case of extending to the trachea they are called laryngo-tracheo-esophagic clefts. Its clinic is non-specific and should be suspected in any child with swallowing disorder and aspiration pneumonia. We present a case of an endoscopically treated laryngeal cleft type 2.

Swallowing disorders in Parkinson's disease. / Trastornos de la deglución en la enfermedad de Parkinson.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease is a type of chronic neurodegenerative pathology with a typical movement pattern, as well as different, less studied symptoms such as dysphagia. Disease-related disorders in efficacy or safety in the process of swallowing usually lead to malnutrition, dehydration or pneumonias. The aim of this study was identifying and analyzing swallowing disorders in Parkinson's disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The initial sample consisted of 52 subjects with Parkinson's disease to whom the specific test for dysphagia SDQ was applied. Nineteen participants (36.5%) with some degree of dysphagia in the SDQ test were selected to be evaluated by volume-viscosity clinical exploration method and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. RESULTS: Disorders in swallowing efficiency and safety were detected in 94.7% of the selected sample. With regards to efficiency, disorders were found in food transport (89.5%), insufficient labial closing (68.4%) and oral residues (47.4%), relating to duration of ingestion. Alterations in security were also observed: pharynx residues (52.7%), coughing (47.4%), penetration (31.64%), aspiration and decrease of SaO2 (5.3%), relating to the diagnosis of respiratory pathology in the previous year. CONCLUSION: The SDQ test detected swallowing disorders in 36.5% of the subjects with Parkinson's disease. Disorders in swallowing efficiency and safety were demonstrated in 94.7% of this subset. Disorders of efficiency were more frequent than those of safety, establishing a relationship with greater time in ingestion and the appearance of respiratory pathology and pneumonias.

Neumonía aspirativa por cuerpo extraño en paciente cocainómano y VIH positivo: reporte de caso / Aspiration pneumonia due foreign body in a cocaine user - HIV positive patient: a case report

Son conocidos los efectos del uso de la inhalación de cocaína en diferentes órganos, tales como infartos renales, complicaciones por hipertensión arterial, síndromes coronarios, el pulmón crack, trastornos hidroelectrolíticos, entre otros. No es mucho lo que se sabe sobre la relación entre cuerpos extraños bronquiales y la neumonía aspirativa u obstructiva en pacientes inmunosuprimidos o competentes, siendo en ambos caso de difícil manejo hasta que se descubre la causa subyacente, generalmente por imaginología o fibro-broncospia. En este artículo se describe el caso de un paciente con sida y quien se presenta con una neumonía no resuelta a pesar de tratamiento antibiótico y cuya etiología se debía a un inusual cuerpo extraño bronquial el cual al ser removido llevo a la mejoría clínica del paciente.

Effects of cocaine use are well known in different body organs, for example kidney infartions, hypertension complications, coronary syndromes, the crack lung, electrolyte disorders and others. Not much is known about the relationship between bronchial foreign body aspiration or obstructive pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. In this paper we describe the case of an aids patient presented with a non-resolved pneumonia despite treatment antibiotic and whose etiology was due an unusual bronchial foreign body. Which removed led to clinical improvement of the patient.

Neumonía secundaria a aspiración silenciosa en pacientes con trastorno de deglución mayores de 30 años, en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio / Pneumonia due to silent aspiration in patients with swallowing disorders over thirty years old at the San Ignacio University Hospital

Identificar pacientes en riesgo de cursar con neumonía aspirativa secundaria a trastornos de deglución y omorbilidades asociadas. Difundir la utilidad del estudio funcional dinámico de deglución (FEES, por sus siglas en inglés) para la evaluación de estos pacientes. Diseño: Observacional descriptivo. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de historias clínicas de 2005 a 2008 del Hospital San. Ignacio con diagnóstico de: neumonitis debida a aspiración de alimento y disfagia. Resultados: En nuestro hospital el 90,5 por ciento de los pacientes con posibles trastornos de deglución no son estudiados. Conclusiones e importancia clínica: Se debe implementar para pacientes con factores de riesgo elestudio funcional dinámico de la deglución si se sospecha aspiración silenciosa. Como veremos más adelante, el estudio funcional dinámico de la deglución representa una alternativa válida, ofrece ventajas con respecto a la cinedeglución y debe ser considerado como un complemento al estudio radiológico de los pacientes con trastornos de la deglución. Estudiar mejor estos pacientes permitirá desarrollar estrategias para disminuir episodios de aspiración y por consecuencia eventos de neumonía.

Objective: To identify patients in risk of dealing with aspirative pneumonia secondary to swallowing disorders and associated conditions. Spread the utility of the Functional Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) for the evaluation of these patients. Design: Descriptive observational study. Materials and methods: Review of medical charts from 2005 to 2008 with diagnosis of: pneumonitis due to food aspiration and dysphagia at the San Ignacio Hospital. Results: At the hospital, 90,5 percent ofthe patients with possible swallowing disorders is not studied. Conclusions and clinical importance: The FEES must be implemented for patients with risk factors if silent aspiration is suspected. For us, the functional endoscopic evaluation of swallowing offers advantages in regard to ideofluoroscopy, and should be considered as a complimentary test in patients with swallowing disorders. Better evaluation of these patients will led us to develop in the future new strategies to diminish episodes of aspiration and events of pneumonia.